On October 13, 1953, the US Post Office issued a 3¢ stamp honoring the 25th anniversary of the Future Farmers of America. It was issued at the place the organization was founded – Kansas City, Missouri.

The Smith-Hughes Vocational Education Act was passed in 1917 to give federal funds to states for high school classes in certain vocations – agriculture, family and consumer sciences, trades, and industries. Just a few years later, in the early 1920s, Virginia created a Future Farmers of Virginia Club for the boys in those agriculture classes. Over time, other states created their own Future Farmer organizations.

As more of these state groups were formed, they realized the next step would be to create a national organization. Therefore, in 1928, a group of these agriculture students met in Kansas City, MO, for the third annual National Congress of Vocational Agriculture Students. During that convention on November 20, 33 students from 18 states met at the Baltimore Hotel in Kansas City and officially formed the Future Farmers of America.

Also known as the FFA, the organization they founded provided support for agricultural education and leadership training for high school students. After granting charters in 48 states across the US, the National FFA Foundation was established in 1944.

Four years later, the FFA participated in an international exchange program with the Young Farmers Club of Great Britain. Today, the FFA sends more than 350 students to 25 countries annually to share knowledge and promote agricultural careers. In the US and its territories, there are 735,038 (685,226 of whom are alumni) members in 8,817 chapters, making it one of the largest youth organizations in the country.

Click here for more on the FFA website.

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On October 12, 1901, the Executive Mansion, the president’s official residence and workplace, was renamed the White House.

In 1792, President George Washington held a public competition to find a design for the president’s home and office in Washington, DC. Thomas Jefferson was among those that submitted designs, but James Hoban created the winning plan.

Hoban’s design incorporated features of several Irish and French country homes. The cornerstone was laid on October 13, 1792. Though Washington oversaw the building’s construction, he retired from the presidency before it was completed. On November 1, 1800, John Adams and his wife became the first presidential couple to live in the building, though it was still unfinished.

At this time, the building was often referred to as the President’s House. Over time, it would also be called the President’s Palace and the Presidential Mansion. Many opposed use of the word palace because it had indicated royalty. The first known use of the term “White House” appeared around 1811.

In fact, there has been a popular myth that the building was first called the White House after the War of 1812. During that war, the British burned much of Washington, DC, including the President’s House. A common tale claimed that after American forces reclaimed the capital and worked on repairing it, they painted the building white to cover the burn marks. While there are records of the building being called the White House before the war, its use did increase after the war.

While some would start to call it the White House, the official name had been the Executive Mansion since 1810. This was the phrase that appeared on letterheads and official documents.

That name would remain in official use for over 90 years. Then on October 12, 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt decided to officially change the name to that one used for decades. He ordered that all White House stationary now read “White House – Washington.” Though the stationary would have a slight change, with Washington being centered under White House, the named has remained in use ever since.

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Supreme Court Justice Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11, 1872, in Chesterfield, New Hampshire. He served on the court for over 20 years, including over four years as chief justice.

Stone attended Amherst College before earning his bachelor of law degree from Columbia Law School in 1898. He practiced law in New York City for a few years before returning to Columbia as a teacher and later the dean.

During World War I, Stone served on the War Department’s board of inquiry, reviewing nearly 3,000 cases of conscientious objectors that had been denied by their draft boards. After the war, he grew increasingly unhappy at Columbia and resigned his deanship, joining a prestigious New York law firm.

In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge (who had known Stone at Amherst) appointed him US attorney general. Coolidge believed Stone would be a fitting person to oversee all of the investigations into the scandals of the Harding administration. Among his first acts in this new office was appointing J. Edgar Hoover to head of the Department of Justice’s Bureau of Investigation (later the FBI).

Stone directed Hoover to model the agency after Britain’s Scotland Yard, and it soon was more efficient than any other police organization in the nation. As attorney general, Stone personally argued many of the department’s cases in federal court and led an anti-trust investigation into the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa).

Following the election of 1924, Justice Joseph McKenna resigned from the Supreme Court. Early the next year, President Coolidge nominated Stone to replace him as an associate justice. He was confirmed a month later by a vote of 71 to 6.

During Stone’s first few years on the court, much of its focus was on the relationship between businesses and government. Though he was a conservative, Stone often sided with the liberal justices. In the 1930s, he, Louis Brandeis, and Benjamin Cardozo became known as the Three Musketeers of the Supreme Court. They supported President Roosevelt’s New Deal, even as the other justices opposed it.

In 1941, Roosevelt nominated Stone for chief justice to replace the exiting Charles Evans Hughes. He remained in the post until his death. During Stone’s years as chief justice, views of Constitutional laws were changing. Frequently, the court was divided. Although Stone was a conservative, he often voted to uphold liberal measures. In 1946, Stone suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died on April 22.

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Stage and screen actress Helen Hayes was born on October 10, 1900, in Washington, DC. Dubbed “The First Lady of the American Theater,” she’s one of just 23 people to win competitive Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony awards (often referred to as EGOTs).

Hayes’s grandparents had come to America during the Irish Potato Famine of the mid-1800s. Her mother was an aspiring actress and her father worked a number of odd jobs, including as a clerk at the Washington Patent Office.

From a young age, Hayes was drawn to performing on stage. At the age of five she made her stage debut singing at Washington’s Belasco Theatre (across the street from the White House). By the time she was 10, Hayes had appeared in her first short film, Jean and the Calico Doll.

Meanwhile, Hayes also attended prestigious schools, such as the Dominican Academy in New York City. While there, she appeared in The Old Dutch, and Little Lord Fauntleroy, among other plays. She graduated from the Academy of the Sacred Heart Convent in 1917. Hayes married playwright Charles MacArthur in 1928 and soon moved to Hollywood after he signed a studio deal.

Hayes made her first sound film in 1931 – The Sin of Madelon Claudet. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for playing the film’s title role. She went on to star in such other Hollywood films as Arrowsmith (with Ronald Colman), A Farewell to Arms (with Gary Cooper), The White Sister (with Clark Gable), What Every Woman Knows (which she’d previously done on Broadway) and Vanessa: Her Love Story.

Despite her success as a Hollywood film actress, Hayes was more comfortable with the stage. In fact, she once said, “I don’t think I’m much good in pictures… I have a beautiful dream I’m elegant on stage.” So in 1935, Hayes returned to New York. For the next three years she held the title role of Victoria Regina alongside Vincent Price. Hayes played England’s queen. Victoria’s namesake, the queen of Spain, was reportedly quite impressed by Hayes’s complete mastery of her grandmother’s mannerisms.

Years later, Hayes worked on the Broadway revival of J.M. Barrie’s (best known for Peter Pan) play, Mary Rose. Then in 1952 Hayes became the first person to win the Sarah Siddons Award for her performances and support of Chicago theaters. She would win the award again in 1969.

Hayes returned to Hollywood in the 1950s and found even greater success. She starred in My Son John and Anastasia (along side Ingrid Bergman). She later won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in Airport. After that Hayes appeared in a number of Disney films including Herbie Rides Again, One of Our Dinosaurs is Missing, and Candleshoe. Hayes made her last Broadway appearance in the 1970 revival of Harvey.

Throughout her career, Hayes took time off from acting to care for her sick husband and following the death of her daughter to polio in 1949. In her grief, Hayes founded the Mary MacArthur Fund to help fight the disease. Doctor Jonas Salk credited Hayes with helping to fund his lifesaving vaccine.

In 1955, the Fulton Theatre in New York City was renamed the Helen Hayes Theatre. However, in the 1980s businessmen wanted to demolish the building to construct a hotel. Though she had no stake in the building, they asked for her consent, which she granted. Parts from the theater were later used in the Shakespeare Center. Two other theaters were later renamed in Hayes’s honor. There is also a Helen Hayes Award for theater in Washington, DC.

Hayes is often called the “First Lady of the American Theatre,” though it’s unknown just where or when this title originated. Her friend Katherine Cornell has also received this title, and both women believed the other deserved it. As one critic put it, “Cornell played every queen as though she were a woman, whereas Hayes played every woman as though she were a queen.”

Hayes was also friends with First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. Together they founded the National Wildflower Research Center (now the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center) in Austin Texas in 1982. Today the center is one of the top advocates for rare and at-risk plant species.

In her later years, Hayes devoted her time to writing and philanthropy. She was a founding member of the Riverside Shakespeare Company and on the board of directors for the New York Council of the Girls Scouts. She also made brief returns to the stage for benefits at the Shakespeare Center where she and several other performers read aloud A Christmas Carol. Hayes’s most devoted work though, was the Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital. She began working with the hospital in the 1940s and joined its Board of Visitors in 1944. Over the years she worked tirelessly to secure the hospital funding, spearhead fund-raising events, and making numerous personal appearances. The hospital was named in her honor in 1974 and she remained on the board until her death.

Having long suffered health issues, Hayes died on March 17, 1993. That day, the lights of Broadway were dimmed in her honor. Hayes is one of just 23 people to win competitive Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony awards (often referred to as EGOTs). Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America’s highest civilian honor, as well as the National Medal of the Arts.

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